Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی
Authors
1 ACECR Research Center for Tourism, Mashhad
2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Abstract
Cities are centers for economic and social opportunities as well as means of growth and development. However, rapid growth of urbanization during the last century – especially in developing countries - has led to several problems. So, urban sustainable development addresses environmental and social sustainability in cities. Since urban sustainability is related to balanced consumption and fair allocation and distribution of resources, defining city-dwelers' rights will have an important position in urban planning. Codification and ratification of urban charters is a way that during two recent decades has been noted by local governments and civil society organizations for assertion of rights in national and international levels. To introduce global experiences in this field, using a documentary method, this study reviews theoretical literature on citizenship rights. Then, the codification characteristics and contents of urban charters in the world have been analyzed individually and comparatively. The main rights in these documents are: equality and non-discrimination, democratic urban management, political participation, transparency in management, information circulation, protection of vulnerable groups, sustainable development, urban services, environment, housing, food, water, energy, health, work, freedom, education, recreation, culture and diversity of cultural heritage, integrity (as tasks ), security, international cooperation. Finally, some implications for the formulation and implementation of urban charters in Iran have been offered.
Keywords
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